Keywords
historico-geographical approach
process typological approach
space syntax
spatial analysis
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper presents the origins, main characteristics and fundamental developments of four dominant approaches in the international debate on urban morphology: historico- geographical approach, process typological approach, space syntax and spatial analysis – including cellular automata, agent-based models and fractals. After describing these four approaches, the article synthesizes their fundamental elements; shows how each approach deals with urban form elements, levels resolution and time; and illustrates the potential of each approach with applications in professional planning practice.
References
Baker, N. J. e Slater, T. R. (1992) ‘Morphological regions in English medieval towns’, em Whitehand, J. W. R. e Lakham, P. J. (eds.) Urban Landscapes: international perspectives (Routledge, Londres) 43-68.
Bascià, L., Carlotti, P. e Maffei, G. L. (2000) La casa Romana: nella storià della città dalle origini all’ Otocento (Alinea, Florença).
Batty, M. (2004a) ‘A new theory of space syntax - Working Paper 75’ (CASA, Londres).
Batty, M. (2004b) ‘Distance in space syntax - Working Paper 80’ (CASA, Londres).
Batty, M. (2005) Cities and complexity (MIT Press, Cambridge).
Batty, M. e Longley, P. (1994) Fractal cities: a geometry of form and function (Academic Press, Londres).
Bovill, C. (1996) Fractal geometry in architecture and design (Birkhauser, Basileia).
Caniggia, G. (1963) Lettura di una città: Como (Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica, Roma).
Caniggia, G. e Maffei, G. L. (1979) Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia I: lettura dell’edilizia di base (Marsilio, Veneza).
Caniggia, G. e Maffei, G. L. (1984) Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia II: il progetto nell’edilizia do base (Marsilio, Veneza).
Cataldi, G. (1998) ‘Designing in stages’ em Petruccioli, A. (ed.) Typological process and design theory (Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, Cambridge) 159-77.
Cataldi, G. (2003) ‘From Muratori to Caniggia’, Urban Morphology 7, 19-34.
Cataldi, G. (2013a) ‘Saverio Muratori: il debito e l’eredità’ em Cataldi, G. (ed.) Saverio Muratori Architetto (Aión Edizioni, Florença) 10-5.
Cataldi, G. (ed.) (2013b) Saverio Muratori Architetto (Aión Edizioni, Florença).
Cataldi, G. (2015) Abitazioni primitive (Aión Edizioni, Florença).
Cataldi, G. (2016) ‘A double urban life cycle: the case of Rome’, Urban Morphology 20, 45-57.
Cataldi, G., Maffei, G. L. e Vaccaro, P. (2002) ‘Saverio Muratori and the Italian school of planning typology’, Urban Morphology 6, 3-14.
Cataldi, G. e Formichi, F. (2007) Pienza Forma Urbis (Aión Edizioni, Florença).
Clarke, K. C. e Gaydos, L. J. (1998) ‘Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore’, International Journal of Geographical Information Science 12, 699-714.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (Institute of British Geographers Publication 27. George Philip, Londres).
Conzen, M. P. (2009) ‘How cities internalize their former urban fringes: a cross-cultural comparison’, Urban Morphology 13, 29-54.
Cooper, J. e Oskrochi, R. (2008) ‘Fractal analysis of street vistas: a potential tool for assessing levels of visual variety in everyday street scenes’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38, 814-28.
Couclelis, H. (1985) ‘Cellular worlds – a framework for modeling micro-macro dynamics’, Environment and Planning A 17, 585-96.
Couclelis, H. (1997) ‘From cellular automata to urban models’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 24, 165-74.
Crooks, A. T. e Heppenstall, A. J. (2012) ‘Introduction to agent-based modelling’ em Heppenstall, A. J., Crooks, A. T., See, L. M. e Batty, M. (eds.) Agent-based models of geographical systems (Springer, Dordrecht) 85-105.
Dalton, N. (2001) ‘Fractional configuration analysis and a solution to the Manhattan problem’ em Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta).
Dalton, R. C. (2007) ‘Social exclusion and transportation in Peachtree City’, Progress in Planning 67, 264-86.
Figueiredo, L. e Amorim, L. (2005) ‘Continuity lines in the axial system’ em Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium (Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft).
Frankhauser, P, (1994) La fractalité des structures urbaines (Anthropos, Paris).
Gardner, M. (1970) ‘Mathematical games: the fantastic combinations of John Conway’s new solitaire game life’, Scientific American 223, 120-3.
Hagerstrand, T. (1952) ‘The propagation of innovation waves’, Lund Studies in Geography B - Human Geography 4, 3-19.
Hanson, J. (1998) Decoding homes and houses (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Hanson, J. e Zako, R. (2007) ‘Communities of co-presence and surveillance: how public open space shapes awareness and behaviour in residential developments’, Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium (Istanbul Technical University, Istambul).
Hillier, B. (1973) ‘In defense of space’, RIBA Journal 539-44.
Hillier, B. (1996) Space is the machine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Hillier, B. (1999) ‘Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids’, Urban Design International 4, 107-27.
Hillier, B. (2002) ‘A theory of the city as an object’, Urban Design International 7, 153-79.
Hillier, B. (2004) ‘Can streets be made safe?’, Urban Design International 9, 31-5.
Hillier, B. (2007) Space is the machine (ebook).
Hillier, B. e Hanson, J. (1984) The social logic of space (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Hillier, B. e Vaughan, L. (2007) ‘The city as one thing’, Progress in Planning 67, 205-30.
Hillier, B., Hanson, J. e Graham, H. (1987) ‘Ideas are in things: an application of the space syntax method to discovering of housing genotypes’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 14, 363-85.
Hillier, B., Leaman, A., Stansall, P. e Bedford, M. (1976) ‘Space Syntax’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 3, 147-85.
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grawewski, T. e Xu, J. (1993) ‘Natural movement: or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, 29-66.
Iltanen, S. (2012) ‘Cellular automata in urban spatial modelling’, em Heppenstall, A. J., Crooks A. T., See, L. M. e Batty, M. (eds.) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems (Springer, Dordrecht) 60-84.
Joye, Y. (2011) ‘A review of the presence and use of fractal geometry in architectural design’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38, 814-28.
Karimi, K. (2012) ‘A configurational approach to analytical urban design: space syntax methodology’, Urban Design International 17, 297-318.
Karimi, K. e Parham, E. (2012) ‘An evidence informed approach to developing an adaptable regeneration programme for declining informal settlements’ em Greene, M., Reyes, J. e Castro, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago do Chile).
Karimi, K., Amir, A., Shafiei, K., Raford, N., Abdul, E., Zhang, J. e Mavridou, M. (2007) ‘Evidence-based spatial intervention for regeneration of informal settlements: the case of Jeddah central unplanned areas’, Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium (Istanbul Technical University, Istambul).
Kropf, K. (2009) ‘Aspects of urban form’, Urban Morphology 13,105-20.
Larkham, P. J. e Morton, N. (2011) ‘Drawing lines on maps: morphological regions and planning practices’, Urban Morphology 15, 133-51.
Lathrop, G. T. e Hamburg, J. R. (1965) ‘An opportunity-accessibility model for allocating regional growth’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31, 95-103.
López, M. e Nes, A. (2007) ‘Space and crime in Dutch built environments: macro and micro scale spatial conditions for residential burglaries and thefts from cars’, Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium (Istanbul Technical University, Istambul).
Maffei, G. L. (1990) La casa fiorentina nella storia della città (Marsilio, Veneza).
Mairie d’Asnières-sur-Oise, Samuels, I. e Kropf, K. (1992) Plan d’Occupation des Sols (Mairie d’Asnières-sur-Oise, Asnières-sur-Oise).
Mandelbrot, B. (1982) The fractal geometry of nature (W H Freeman, Nova Iorque).
Marcus, L. (2007) ‘Social housing and segregation in Sweden’, Progress in Planning 67, 251-63.
Maretto, M. (2012) Saverio Muratori, a legacy in urban design (FrancoAngeli, Milão).
Muratori, S. (1959) ‘Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia I’, Palladio 3-4.
Muratori, S. (1963) Architettura e civilità in crisi (Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica, Roma).
Muratori, S. (1967) Civilità e territorio (Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica, Roma).
Muratori, S., Bollati, R., Bollati, S. e Marinucci, G. (1963) Studi per una operante storia urbana di Roma (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma).
Nubani, L. e Wineman, J. (2005) ‘The role of space syntax in identifying the relationship between space and crime’, Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium (Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft).
Peponis, J., Wineman, J., Rashid, M. e Kim, S. (1997) ‘On the description of shape and spatial configuration inside buildings: convex partitions and their local properties’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 24, 761-81.
Peponis, J., Wineman, J., Bafna, S., Rashid, M. e Kim, S. (1998a) ‘On the generation of linear representations of spatial configuration’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 25, 559-76.
Peponis, J., Wineman, J., Rashid, M., Bafna, S. e Kim, S. (1998b) ‘Describing plan configuration according to the covisibility of surfaces’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 25, 693-708.
Pinto, N. N. (2013) ‘Modelos de autómatos celulares como ferramentas de análise da forma urbana’, Revista de Morfologia Urbana 1, 57-8.
Sahbaz, O. e Hillier, B. (2007) ‘The story of the crime: functional, temporal and spatial tendencies in street robbery’, Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium (Istanbul Technical University, Istambul).
Samuels, I. (1993) ‘The Plan d’Occupation des Sols for Asnières-sur-Oise: a morphological design guide’ em Hayward, R. e McGlynn, S. (eds.) Making better places: urban design now (Butterworth, Oxford) 113-21.
Samuels, I. e Pattacini, L. (1997) ‘From description to prescription: reflections on the use of a morphological approach in design guidance’, Urban Design International 2, 81-91.
Slater, T. R. (1990) ‘English medieval new towns with composite plans’ em Slater, T. R. (ed.) The built form of Western cities (Leicester University Press, Leicester) 71-74.
Strappa, G. (2014) L’architettura come processo (FrancoAngeli, Milão).
Tobler, W. R. (1979) ‘Cellular geography’ em Gale, G. e Olsson, G. (eds.) Philosophy in Geography (Boston, Reidel) 379-86.
Turner, A. (2004) Depthmap 4, a researcher’s handbook (Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, Londres).
Turner, A. e Penn, A. (1999) ‘Making isovists syntactic: isovist integration analysis’, em Proceedings of the 2nd International Space Syntax Symposium (Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia).
Turner, A., Doxa, M., O’ Sullivan, D. e Penn, A. (2001) ‘From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28, 103-21.
Ünlü, T. (2013) ‘Thinking about urban fringe belts: a Mediterranean perspective’, Urban Morphology 17, 5-20.
Ünlü, T. e Bas, Y. (2016) ‘Multi-nuclear growth patterns in a rapidly changing Turkish city: a fringe-belt perspective’, Urban Morphology 20, 107-21.
Vaughan, L. (2007) ‘The spatial form of poverty in Charles Booth’s London’, Progress in Planning 67, 231-50.
Waddell, P. (2002) ‘UrbanSim: modeling urban development for land use, transportation and environmental planning’, Journal of the American Planning Association 68, 297-314.
White, R. e Engelen, G. (1993) ‘Cellular automata and fractal urban form: a cellular modelling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns’, Environment and Planning A 25,1175-99.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (1977) ‘The basis for an historico-geographical theory of urban form’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS2, 400-16.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001) ‘British urban morphology: the Conzenian tradition’, Urban Morphology 5, 103-9.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (2007) ‘Conzenian urban morphology and landscapes’, Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium (Istanbul Technical University, Istambul).
Whitehand, J. W. R. (2009) ‘The structure of urban landscapes: strengthening research and practice’, Urban Morphology 13, 5-27.
Whitehand, J. W. R. e Morton, N. (2003) ‘Fringe belts and the recycling of urban land: an academic concept and planning practice’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30, 819-39.
Whitehand, J. W. R. e Morton, N. (2004) ‘Urban morphology and planning: the case of fringe belts’, Cities 21, 275-89.
Whitehand, J. W. R. e Morton, N. (2006) ‘The fringe-belt phenomenon and socioeconomic change’, Urban Studies 43, 2047-66.
Wolfram, S. (2002) A new kind of science (Wolfram Media, Champaign).
Os direitos autorais permanecem com os autores, que autorizam a Revista de Morfologia Urbana a publicar o artigo sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição (CC-By).